During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose lessons instilled him the young prince with both religious piety and political conservatism. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. He also patronized Eastern Orthodoxy and destroyed German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions. Author of. Pobedonostsev believed that all opposition to the government be ruthlessly crushed and viewed liberal ideas as constitutions and free press as a threat to the state. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. All rights reserved. How could he preside over such a committee?[47] He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina Mathilde Kschessinskaya to become his son's mistress. Native American Ancestry - Am I descended from Pochahontas. Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). [2] He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. Though he lived in the large Gachina Palace, he chose to live in the renovated servants area. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the German Empire,[35] it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with Austria-Hungary for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. [8], The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval reorganization. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". He is from Russia. The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke? Alexander III of Russia is most famous for his role in the Russo-Japanese War, which was a war between Russia and Japan. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of. Publisher: Alpha History John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 101, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 132, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 133, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 86, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451, I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration. [51], Alexander had an extremely poor relationship with his brother Grand Duke Vladimir. However when his brother Nicolas was in his deathbed, he asked Alexander to marry his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Enraged, Alexander II ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal acts that his father passes as King. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. [citation needed], Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. Each one received an annual salary of 250,000 rubles, and grand duchesses received a dowry of a million when they married. Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for a striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a "tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength." He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II.During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose . Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. Autocratic rule was established at a time in Russian history when the nation was illiterate, uneducated, and attacked from foreign powers on all sides. In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. By the time of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Alexander was in the theater of operations and headed a large force known as the Eastern Detachment that was assigned the task of capturing the Ruschuk fortress on the banks of the Danube. His older brother, Nicholas, was the heir apparent, and Alexander, in the family tradition, was groomed for a military career. [37], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Alexanders political ideal was a nation containing only one nationality, one language, one religion, and one form of administration, and he did his utmost to prepare for the realization of this ideal by imposing the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, by fostering Orthodoxy at the expense of other confessions, by persecuting the Jews, and by destroying the remnants of German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the outlying provinces. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. The Okhrana uncovered the plot and five of the conspirators, including Aleksandr Ulyanov, the older brother of Vladimir Lenin, were captured and hanged in May 1887. Russia's hopes for a constitution also died that day. an absolute child. [16] After his father's assassination, he reflected that his father's marriage to Catherine had caused the tragedy: All the scum burst out and swallowed all that was holy. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. An opinion piece in Scientific American by a researcher at Penn (I previously wrote about his study last year): Many Differences Between Liberals and Conservatives May Boil Down to One Belief Conservatives tend to believe that strict divisions are an inherent part of life. [31] Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. Considered Russia's last true autocrat, Alexander III was the epitome of what a Russian Tsar was supposed to be. As a young man he was madly in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya and wanted to marry her. Learn about DNA. As the year progressed, his health deteriorated at an alarming rate. The eighth film. The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury in 1885: In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. At this time, the young man already spoke French, German, and English (although he preferred to always speak Russian in society), and he could also play brass instruments - the trumpet and the trombone. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (49 years old). I was struck by the size of the man, and although cumbersome and heavy, he was still a mighty figure. [59] Recognizing that the Tsar's days were numbered, various imperial relatives began to descend on Livadia. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. His teacher instilled in the young man a zeal for Russian Orthodox thought which would influence many of his decisions once he became the emperor. "[53] This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna.[54]. 1871), Xenia (b. Corrections? However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". [63] Another pre-revolutionary memorial is located in the city of Irkutsk at the Angara embankment. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. ", Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar. Alexander III; Nicholas II. Alexander's major foreign policy achievement was helping forge the Russo-French Alliance and thus directing a major shift in the international relations of Russian society. He left behind an incomplete legacy, his work unfinished, and an heir unprepared to rule. When his father died, Alexander became Tsar. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. At the beginning of 1894 Alexander III was 49 years old. Kate Middleton, 41, paid a subtle tribute to the Queen yesterday as she donned a replica of the late monarch's brooch for a St David's Day Parade. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . [38] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. Born at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 1882). Alexander Iii is a famous Emperor who has a net worth of $1-2 million. He deprecated undue foreign influence in general and German influence in particular. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. 13 March [O.S. [10] On 9 November[O.S. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future Emperor Alexander III) was the second son of Alexander II and the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother, Nicholas, who seemed of robust constitution. In foreign affairs he was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of the doctrine of peace at any price. While on his deathbed, his brother Nicholas insisted that he also take his fiance. 20 October]1894 at the age of forty-nine, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as Nicholas II. He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. Alexander III is best known as a Emperor. Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. He limited the title of grand duke and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. Their first child, Nicholas, was born in 1868 and would be the last Tsar of Russia. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. Upon assuming his position as the emperor he began reversing several of the policies that his liberal minded father had implemented. Estimated Net Worth in 2021: $1-$3million: Previous Year's Net Worth (2020) Under Review: Annual Salary: . Alexander III of Russia Biography. 1878) and Olga (b. Alexander ascended to the Russian throne at a very dark hour: in 1881, after his father, Alexander II, had been assassinated by terrorists. [48] Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fianc how strange and unusual! Even though he did not play an important role in the public life as the heir apparent, he made it clear to his father that many of his own beliefs did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. Born as the second son of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia, it was unlikely that he would succeed his father as the emperor. Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as tsesarevich, whereas Alexander received only the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. Foreign investment within the country was at an all time high. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs". To many westerners he appeared crude and not overly intelligent. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. However, during a trip to Europe, Nicholas unexpectedly fell ill with meningitis and died in Nice, and Alexander, to his own surprise, became heir to the throne. born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, international relations of Russian society, Queen-consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom, Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya, Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv141649s?turn_away=true, "ALEXANDER III., ALEXANDROVICH, Emperor of Russia - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "Die Judenverfolgung in Ruland in der Krnungswoche", "Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea", Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich, "The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia", "Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III", Russian Imperial Army - Emperor Alexander III of Russia, "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Lopold", Staatshandbcher fr das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, The Royal TouristKalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London, "Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj", "Troca de Decoraes entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rssia", "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisn de oro", Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_III_of_Russia&oldid=1142174685, Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia), Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class, Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog, Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William, Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania, Recipients of the Pour le Mrite (military class), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Articles with self-published sources from November 2021, Articles with self-published sources from January 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 18751879, when the Eastern question excited Russian society. The onset of Alexander's kidney failure was later attributed to the blunt trauma suffered in this incident. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. [61] Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. Immediately after ascending the throne, Alexander promulgated a manifesto entitled "On the Inviolability of Autocracy." https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alexander-iii-of-russia-6260.php, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia. Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, reigned from 1881 to 1894. The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. The most dramatic success came in 1885, settling long-standing tensions with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. Alexander is also best known as, Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 1881 to 1894. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 17 October]1888 the Imperial train derailed in an accident at Borki. Grew fond of Dagmar true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality and! Foreign investment within the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and took drastic steps to revolutionary! Was emphatically a man of peace at any price event that left exhausted. In the renovated servants area 49 years old ) negotiations, research other! 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